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Dissertation/Thèse

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2026
Thèses
1
  • FRANCIELLE FRIEDRICHSEN SGORLON MODESTO
  • Sequential extraction of compounds from jambolan leaves using ethanol and eutectic solvent

  • Leader : CAMILA DA SILVA
  • MEMBRES DE LA BANQUE :
  • ALEXANDER JUNGES
  • CAMILA DA SILVA
  • KARINA GRAZIELLA FIAMETTI COLOMBO
  • Data: 4 août 2026


  • Afficher le Résumé
  • This study aimed to evaluate the sequential extraction of active compounds from jambolan (Syzygiumcumini) leaves, using ethanol in the first stage to remove nonpolar compounds and a eutectic solvent (SE) in the second stage to recover polar compounds. Jambolan leaves stand out as a promising raw material due to the presence of phenolic acids of industrial interest that possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. In this context, the use of SE, combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), represents a sustainable alternative for maximizing the utilization of these compounds and adding value to the ethanol-treated leaves (ETL).To this end, an experimental design was employed to investigate the effects of temperature (T) (30–60 °C), extraction time (ET) (20–60 min), and solvent/leaf ratio (SLR) (8–12 mL g⁻¹) on ethanolic extraction, as well as the effects of temperature (30–60 °C), extraction time (20–60 min), and the ratio of  eutectic solvent to ethanol-treated leaves (SETLR) (10–30 mL g⁻¹) on sequential extraction using a choline chloride (ChCl)based SE. In the first stage, the ethanolic extract yielded the best results under the conditions of temperature 60 °C, extraction time 60 min, and solvent/leaf ratio 12 mL g⁻¹, achieving a maximum extraction yield (EMY) of 7.80% and a compound content (TCY) of 104.19 ± 3.75 mg 100 g⁻¹ of leaves.Chemical characterization of the ethanolic extract revealed the presence of friedelin, α-tocopherol, β-sitosterol, and squalene, compounds associated with significant biological activities. Among theeutectic solvents evaluated, the choline chloride/lactic acid mixture (1:2 molar ratio, containing 20% water) demonstrated the best performance in removing TPC and was selected for the second stage of the sequential extraction.Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the ChCl:AL SE confirmed the formation of the eutectic solvent through the shifting and broadening of characteristic bands, indicating the establishment of hydrogen bonds between the components and the formation of a new structure.These alterations facilitated the penetration of the solvent into the plant matrix tissue and enhanced the efficiency of the sequential extraction.The experimental condition (condition 8) temperature 60°C,  extraction time 60 min, and eutectic solvent to ethanol-treated leaves 30 mL g⁻¹yielded the highest TPC 310.60 ± 5.84 mg 100 g⁻¹ of extract. Under these same conditions, the total phenolic content (TPC) was evaluated in ethanoltreated and untreated leaves the treatment using ChCl:ALbased eutectic solvents (SE) resulted in a 19.02% higher yield compared to the untreated leaves.Extracts with high antioxidant potential were also obtained, with values of 2820.37 ± 26.19 μmol Trolox 100 g⁻¹ of extract via the DPPH• method and 2627.97 ± 63.01 μmol Trolox 100 g⁻¹ of extract via the ABTS•+ method, as well as high anti-inflammatory activity (804.45 ± 9.54 µg mL⁻¹). Chemical characterization of the EE revealed significant concentrations of gallic, ellagic, quinic, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids, as well as the flavonoid quercetin, compounds widely recognized for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, both the pure SE and the obtained extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against the tested strains, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values ranging from 1.95 to 15.65 mg mL⁻¹.No statistically significant variations in TPC stability were observed over a 180day period. The results demonstrate that sequential extraction using ethanol and a ChCl:ALbased SE constitutes an efficient and environmentally sustainable strategy for the valorization of jambolan leaves, enabling the production of extracts rich in bioactive compounds with high antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Furthermore, the valorization of this leaf extract contributes to the development of natural ingredients with potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries, aligning with circular economy principles and the Sustainable Development Goalsparticularly those related to responsible production and consumption, industrial innovation, and the sustainable use of natural resources.

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